Data Science Articles

Srishti Saha

Updated on August 11, 2025

Covariance indicates the direction of the linear relationship between two variables and how they vary, while correlation measures both the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables.

Sparsh Gupta

Updated on August 11, 2025

A loss function in machine learning is a mathematical formula that measures the difference between a model’s predicted output and the actual target value, guiding optimization during training. Here are common loss functions to know and when to use them.

Parag Radke

Updated on August 11, 2025

Forward chaining and backward chaining are two approaches to designing an expert system for AI that help you solve complex problems. Learn how they work.

Matthew Urwin

Updated on August 07, 2025

Differential privacy is a mathematical definition of privacy designed to keep individual data anonymous within data sets. Here’s how this standard can be used to protect personal data, even as artificial intelligence complicates the security sector.

Matthew Urwin

Updated on August 06, 2025

Artificial general intelligence is a theoretical form of AI that could learn and think like humans do, sparking fears around job losses. What do jobs look like in a post-labor economy, and how do we plan ahead to ensure AGI works for everyone?

Matthew Urwin

Updated on August 05, 2025

Artificial intelligence has never been more accessible to everyday users, but that only increases the number of choices out there. Here’s an overview of the top AI models available, including GPT-4o, Claude 3.7 Sonnet and DeepSeek-R1.

Alex Zelinsky

Updated on August 04, 2025

A full binary tree is a tree where every node has either zero or two children, while a complete binary tree is a tree where all levels are fully filled except possibly the last (which is filled from left to right).

Michael Galarnyk

Updated on August 04, 2025

Train test split is a model validation procedure that splits a data set into a training set and a testing set, which are used to determine how your model performs on new data. Here’s how to apply it.

Soner Yıldırım

Updated on August 04, 2025

The dot product of a matrix refers to the matrix multiplication process, where the dot product is computed between rows of the first matrix and columns of the second matrix to produce a new matrix.

Sohail Hosseini

Updated on August 04, 2025

The .loc[] and .iloc[] properties in Pandas are used to access specific rows and columns in a pandas DataFrame (or slice a data set). The .loc[] property is used for label indexing, while the .iloc[] property is used for integer indexing.