Tesla’s Robot, Optimus: Everything We Know

When Elon Musk first announced Tesla’s splash into robotics by introducing a dancer dressed in a bodysuit, the Tesla robot may have seemed like a far-fetched idea. Fast-forward to the present, and Tesla’s robot Optimus is on the verge of becoming a viable product — allegedly.

There’s still much speculation surrounding the exact details of this humanoid robot, but Musk and his team have dropped plenty of clues about when Optimus could become available and what roles it could play in the years ahead.  

What Is the Tesla Robot?

The Tesla Optimus robot is a humanoid robot that can walk on two legs and engage with the physical world with a pair of arms and hands. Tesla has compared Optimus to the company’s cars, saying the company has simply transitioned from making robots on wheels to robots with legs. It’s no surprise, then, that Optimus adopts much of the technology seen in Tesla vehicles, including an AI system to understand and map out its surroundings. 

Following Musk’s 2021 announcement of the Tesla robot, a prototype was released in 2022, and the next version known as Optimus Gen 2 was revealed in December of 2023. During Tesla’s 2022 AI Day, Musk touted Optimus as “a fundamental transformation for civilization” and a contributor to a “future of abundance” — one without poverty and “where you can have whatever you want in terms of products and services.” 

Musk reiterated these claims at Tesla’s 2024 We, Robot event, where Optimus robots were on display for audience members to interact with. “I think this will be the biggest product ever of any kind,” Musk said. He predicts the prices of goods like the Optimus robot will drop over time, resulting in an “age of abundance.” 

However, in the days following the event, Bloomberg reported that the robots seen mingling with guests, bartending and playing games like charades were in fact remotely operated by humans, citing sources “familiar with the matter.”

What Can the Tesla Robot Do?

Optimus can perform a range of actions that require basic motor and perceptive abilities. It can walk forward, self-calibrate its limbs and move them in various directions, as well as position its body into different poses (including one where it balances on one leg). It can also pick up, sort and make corrective adjustments to hand-held objects — like placing a fallen toy block right side up — all on its own. Additionally, it can recognize environments it encounters and locate its own limbs using sensors.

And Optimus has continued to make major strides. In a video shared by Tesla in December of 2024, the robot is shown traversing uneven terrain, and even catching itself when it slips at one point — all without any vision. In the video, Optimus isn’t controlled remotely; instead, it is relying on a neural network and sensors to navigate on its own.  

These advancements further widen the gap between Optimus Gen 2 and the early version that debuted in 2022. Still, flaws in the initial version hint at where the robot could be headed.

“The hand design was quite basic,” Alexander Kernbaum, interim director of SRI International’s Robotics Laboratory, a research institute that developed the humanoid robot Proxi, said of that 2022 model. “And I would say the majority of time spent should be on the hand and dexterous manipulation.”

And when it comes to movement, Carlotta Berry, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in Indiana, found the prototypes to be unimpressive compared to other humanoid robots like Boston Dynamics’ Atlas, which can do parkour — although Optimus has started to draw comparisons with Atlas in light of its more recent progress. 

Berry, whose research interests include human-robot interaction, told Built In she would expect Optimus to use some natural language processing so the robot would be able to work together with humans and understand their intent without verbal cues. This prediction may not be too far away from becoming a reality, with renewed speculation around the possibility of Optimus conversing with users one day soon.

What Will the Tesla Robot Be Used for? 

It’s not clear what Optimus is intended for, mainly because Musk himself hasn’t expressed a concrete vision for the robot in the past. During the We, Robot event, Musk presented broad applications for Optimus, establishing it as a general-use, everyday robot. 

“It’ll do anything you want,” Musk said. “It can be a teacher, babysit your kids; it can walk your dog, mow your lawn, get the groceries; just be your friend, serve drinks. Whatever you can think of, it will do.”

Given Optimus’ ability to deadlift 150 pounds and carry 45 pounds while walking at 5 miles per hour, it makes sense to use the robots in factory settings. In fact, Musk has suggested Optimus robots could address labor shortages, and he even intends to introduce the robot in Tesla factories.

How Does the Tesla Robot Work? 

Optimus has its own ‘brain’ or central computer, powered by an AI chip containing a trained neural network. The robot also relies on AI technologies like deep learning and computer vision alongside autopilot cameras and sensors to perceive and navigate its surroundings, as hinted at by the open positions on Tesla’s careers page. 

Optimus also has a visual navigation system managed by fully trained, end-to-end neural networks to get around. It’s loaded with a library of natural motion references — essentially, engineers recorded human motions, like grabbing a box off a shelf, and mapped that motion data, which has been optimized to adapt to real-world motion, to Optimus. And because the Tesla robot uses the same AI system as the company’s vehicles, it can remember environments to improve future interactions.  

For its outer shell, Optimus is designed with a combination of metal and plastic, although plastic is emphasized to make the body more lightweight and efficient. The robot also features an interactive screen on its face for displaying and communicating information. To perform actions, Tesla’s robot guides its movements with a self-driving computer located in its chest and is sustained by a 2.3 kilowatt-per-hour battery.   

When Will the Tesla Robot Be Ready for Use? 

The timeline for Tesla’s robots has continued to change, although Optimus models could be coming sooner rather than later. Musk now plans to begin limited production of the Optimus robot in 2025 for the company’s internal use. Optimus should then become available to sell to other companies by 2026. Still, there’s no guarantee a finalized Tesla robot will be ready by then.

While many of the tasks Optimus is slated to perform may be helpful, Kernbaum pointed out that robots already exist with the Tesla robot’s proposed capabilities, albeit separately.

“Optimus is pitched as a general-purpose robot, and I think we are very far away from a time when that will make sense,” Kernbaum said. “Possibly not in my lifetime.”

Technology limitations are one reason behind the delay, according to Kernbaum. But a lack of demand is another, he said, especially when it’s easier to develop a robot that’s really good at performing one task, like picking strawberries, rather than change a factory or logistics facility to meet the needs of the robot.

How Much Will the Tesla Robot Cost?

During the 2024 We, Robot event, Musk said that an Optimus robot could cost between $20,000 and $30,000, or “less than a car” in the long term. Musk expects the costs of Optimus and other Tesla products to decrease through the years, making them even more accessible. But the final price of the Optimus robot remains to be seen.

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